CWE - CWE-1236: Improper Neutralization of Formula Elements in a CSV File (4.15)

Weakness ID: 1236

Vulnerability Mapping: ALLOWEDThis CWE ID may be used to map to real-world vulnerabilities
Abstraction: BaseBase - a weakness that is still mostly independent of a resource or technology, but with sufficient details to provide specific methods for detection and prevention. Base level weaknesses typically describe issues in terms of 2 or 3 of the following dimensions: behavior, property, technology, language, and resource.

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Description

The product saves user-provided information into a Comma-Separated Value (CSV) file, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as a command when the file is opened by a spreadsheet product.

Extended Description

User-provided data is often saved to traditional databases. This data can be exported to a CSV file, which allows users to read the data using spreadsheet software such as Excel, Numbers, or Calc. This software interprets entries beginning with '=' as formulas, which are then executed by the spreadsheet software. The software's formula language often allows methods to access hyperlinks or the local command line, and frequently allows enough characters to invoke an entire script. Attackers can populate data fields which, when saved to a CSV file, may attempt information exfiltration or other malicious activity when automatically executed by the spreadsheet software.

Alternate Terms

CSV Injection
Formula Injection
Excel Macro Injection

Common Consequences

This table specifies different individual consequences associated with the weakness. The Scope identifies the application security area that is violated, while the Impact describes the negative technical impact that arises if an adversary succeeds in exploiting this weakness. The Likelihood provides information about how likely the specific consequence is expected to be seen relative to the other consequences in the list. For example, there may be high likelihood that a weakness will be exploited to achieve a certain impact, but a low likelihood that it will be exploited to achieve a different impact.

Scope	Impact	Likelihood
Confidentiality	Technical Impact: Read Application Data; Execute Unauthorized Code or Commands Current versions of Excel warn users of untrusted content.	Low

Potential Mitigations

Phase: Implementation

When generating CSV output, ensure that formula-sensitive metacharacters are effectively escaped or removed from all data before storage in the resultant CSV. Risky characters include '=' (equal), '+' (plus), '-' (minus), and '@' (at).

Effectiveness: Moderate

Note: Unfortunately, there is no perfect solution, since different spreadsheet products act differently.

Phase: Implementation

If a field starts with a formula character, prepend it with a ' (single apostrophe), which prevents Excel from executing the formula.

Effectiveness: Moderate

Note: It is not clear how effective this mitigation is with other spreadsheet software.

Phase: Architecture and Design

Certain implementations of spreadsheet software might disallow formulas from executing if the file is untrusted, or if the file is not authored by the current user.

Effectiveness: Limited

Note: This mitigation has limited effectiveness because it often depends on end users opening spreadsheet software safely.

Relationships

This table shows the weaknesses and high level categories that are related to this weakness. These relationships are defined as ChildOf, ParentOf, MemberOf and give insight to similar items that may exist at higher and lower levels of abstraction. In addition, relationships such as PeerOf and CanAlsoBe are defined to show similar weaknesses that the user may want to explore.

Relevant to the view "Research Concepts" (CWE-1000)

Nature	Type	ID	Name
ChildOf	Class - a weakness that is described in a very abstract fashion, typically independent of any specific language or technology. More specific than a Pillar Weakness, but more general than a Base Weakness. Class level weaknesses typically describe issues in terms of 1 or 2 of the following dimensions: behavior, property, and resource.	74	Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')

Relevant to the view "Software Development" (CWE-699)

Nature	Type	ID	Name
MemberOf	Category - a CWE entry that contains a set of other entries that share a common characteristic.	137	Data Neutralization Issues

Relevant to the view "Weaknesses for Simplified Mapping of Published Vulnerabilities" (CWE-1003)

Nature	Type	ID	Name
ChildOf	Class - a weakness that is described in a very abstract fashion, typically independent of any specific language or technology. More specific than a Pillar Weakness, but more general than a Base Weakness. Class level weaknesses typically describe issues in terms of 1 or 2 of the following dimensions: behavior, property, and resource.	74	Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')

Modes Of Introduction

The different Modes of Introduction provide information about how and when this weakness may be introduced. The Phase identifies a point in the life cycle at which introduction may occur, while the Note provides a typical scenario related to introduction during the given phase.

Phase	Note
Implementation	The weakness is in the implementation of a software's CSV export feature, in particular how it formats formula entries as the output gets flattened into a text file.

Applicable Platforms

This listing shows possible areas for which the given weakness could appear. These may be for specific named Languages, Operating Systems, Architectures, Paradigms, Technologies, or a class of such platforms. The platform is listed along with how frequently the given weakness appears for that instance.

Languages

Class: Not Language-Specific (Undetermined Prevalence)

Operating Systems

Class: Not OS-Specific (Undetermined Prevalence)

Architectures

Class: Not Architecture-Specific (Undetermined Prevalence)

Technologies

Other (Undetermined Prevalence)

Demonstrative Examples

Example 1

Hyperlinks or other commands can be executed when a cell begins with the formula identifier, '='

(attack code)

Example Language: Other

=HYPERLINK(link_location, [friendly_name])

Stripping the leading equals sign, or simply not executing formulas from untrusted sources, impedes malicious activity.

(good code)

HYPERLINK(link_location, [friendly_name])

Observed Examples

Reference	Description
CVE-2019-12134	Low privileged user can trigger CSV injection through a contact form field value
CVE-2019-4521	Cloud management product allows arbitrary command execution via CSV injection
CVE-2019-17661	CSV injection in content management system via formula code in a first or last name

Memberships

This MemberOf Relationships table shows additional CWE Categories and Views that reference this weakness as a member. This information is often useful in understanding where a weakness fits within the context of external information sources.

Nature	Type	ID	Name
MemberOf	Category - a CWE entry that contains a set of other entries that share a common characteristic.	1409	Comprehensive Categorization: Injection

Vulnerability Mapping Notes

Usage: ALLOWED

(this CWE ID could be used to map to real-world vulnerabilities)

Reason: Acceptable-Use

Rationale:

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Comments:

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

References

[REF-21] OWASP. "CSV Injection". 2020-02-02. <https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/CSV_Injection>.

[REF-22] Jamie Rougvie. "Data Extraction to Command Execution CSV Injection". 2019-09-06. <https://www.veracode.com/blog/secure-development/data-extraction-command-execution-csv-injection>.

[REF-23] George Mauer. "The Absurdly Underestimated Dangers of CSV Injection". 2017-10-07. <http://georgemauer.net/2017/10/07/csv-injection.html>.

[REF-24] James Kettle. "Comma Separated Vulnerabilities". 2014-08-29. <https://rstforums.com/forum/topic/82690-comma-separated-vulnerabilities/>. URL validated: 2023-04-07.

Content History

Submissions
Submission Date	Submitter	Organization
2019-11-21 (CWE 4.0, 2020-02-24)	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2019-11-21 (CWE 4.0, 2020-02-24)
Modifications
Modification Date	Modifier	Organization
2020-08-20	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2020-08-20	updated Relationships
2021-03-15	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2021-03-15	updated Description, Potential_Mitigations
2023-01-31	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2023-01-31	updated Description
2023-04-27	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2023-04-27	updated References, Relationships
2023-06-29	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2023-06-29	updated Mapping_Notes


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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-1236: Improper Neutralization of Formula Elements in a CSV File

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