CWE - CWE-1246: Improper Write Handling in Limited-write Non-Volatile Memories (4.12)

Weakness ID: 1246

Abstraction: Base
Structure: Simple

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Description

The product does not implement or incorrectly implements wear leveling operations in limited-write non-volatile memories.

Extended Description

Non-volatile memories such as NAND Flash, EEPROM, etc. have individually erasable segments, each of which can be put through a limited number of program/erase or write cycles. For example, the device can only endure a limited number of writes, after which the device becomes unreliable. In order to wear out the cells in a uniform manner, non-volatile memory and storage products based on the above-mentioned technologies implement a technique called wear leveling. Once a set threshold is reached, wear leveling maps writes of a logical block to a different physical block. This prevents a single physical block from prematurely failing due to a high concentration of writes. If wear leveling is improperly implemented, attackers may be able to programmatically cause the storage to become unreliable within a much shorter time than would normally be expected.

Relationships

This table shows the weaknesses and high level categories that are related to this weakness. These relationships are defined as ChildOf, ParentOf, MemberOf and give insight to similar items that may exist at higher and lower levels of abstraction. In addition, relationships such as PeerOf and CanAlsoBe are defined to show similar weaknesses that the user may want to explore.

Relevant to the view "Research Concepts" (CWE-1000)

Nature	Type	ID	Name
ChildOf	Class - a weakness that is described in a very abstract fashion, typically independent of any specific language or technology. More specific than a Pillar Weakness, but more general than a Base Weakness. Class level weaknesses typically describe issues in terms of 1 or 2 of the following dimensions: behavior, property, and resource.	400	Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Relevant to the view "Hardware Design" (CWE-1194)

Nature	Type	ID	Name
MemberOf	Category - a CWE entry that contains a set of other entries that share a common characteristic.	1202	Memory and Storage Issues

Modes Of Introduction

The different Modes of Introduction provide information about how and when this weakness may be introduced. The Phase identifies a point in the life cycle at which introduction may occur, while the Note provides a typical scenario related to introduction during the given phase.

Phase	Note
Architecture and Design
Implementation

Applicable Platforms

This listing shows possible areas for which the given weakness could appear. These may be for specific named Languages, Operating Systems, Architectures, Paradigms, Technologies, or a class of such platforms. The platform is listed along with how frequently the given weakness appears for that instance.

Languages

Class: Not Language-Specific (Undetermined Prevalence)

Operating Systems

Class: Not OS-Specific (Undetermined Prevalence)

Architectures

Class: Not Architecture-Specific (Undetermined Prevalence)

Technologies

Class: System on Chip (Undetermined Prevalence)

Memory Hardware (Undetermined Prevalence)

Storage Hardware (Undetermined Prevalence)

Common Consequences

This table specifies different individual consequences associated with the weakness. The Scope identifies the application security area that is violated, while the Impact describes the negative technical impact that arises if an adversary succeeds in exploiting this weakness. The Likelihood provides information about how likely the specific consequence is expected to be seen relative to the other consequences in the list. For example, there may be high likelihood that a weakness will be exploited to achieve a certain impact, but a low likelihood that it will be exploited to achieve a different impact.

Scope	Impact	Likelihood
Availability	Technical Impact: DoS: Instability

Demonstrative Examples

Example 1

An attacker can render a memory line unusable by repeatedly causing a write to the memory line.

Below is example code from [REF-1058] that the user can execute repeatedly to cause line failure. W is the maximum associativity of any cache in the system; S is the size of the largest cache in the system.

(attack code)

Example Language: C++

// Do aligned alloc of (W+1) arrays each of size S
while(1) {

for (ii = 0; ii < W + 1; ii++)

array[ii].element[0]++;

}

Without wear leveling, the above attack will be successful. Simple randomization of blocks will not suffice as instead of the original physical block, the randomized physical block will be worn out.

(good code)

Wear leveling must be used to even out writes to the device.

Potential Mitigations

Phases: Architecture and Design; Implementation; Testing

Include secure wear leveling algorithms and ensure they may not be bypassed.

Effectiveness: High

Memberships

This MemberOf Relationships table shows additional CWE Categories and Views that reference this weakness as a member. This information is often useful in understanding where a weakness fits within the context of external information sources.

Nature	Type	ID	Name
MemberOf	Category - a CWE entry that contains a set of other entries that share a common characteristic.	1416	Comprehensive Categorization: Resource Lifecycle Management

Vulnerability Mapping Notes

Usage: Allowed

(this CWE ID could be used to map to real-world vulnerabilities)

Reason: Acceptable-Use

Rationale:

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Comments:

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Taxonomy Mappings

Mapped Taxonomy Name	Node ID	Mapped Node Name
ISA/IEC 62443	Part 4-1	Req SD-4
ISA/IEC 62443	Part 4-1	Req SI-1
ISA/IEC 62443	Part 4-1	Req SVV-3

Related Attack Patterns

CAPEC-ID	Attack Pattern Name
CAPEC-212	Functionality Misuse

References

[REF-1058] Moinuddin Qureshi, Michele Franchescini, Vijayalakshmi Srinivasan, Luis Lastras, Bulent Abali and John Karidis. "Enhancing Lifetime and Security of PCM-Based Main Memory with Start-Gap Wear Leveling". <https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-moinqureshi/papers-sgap.pdf>. URL validated: 2023-04-07.

[REF-1059] Micron. "Bad Block Management in NAND Flash Memory". <https://www.micron.com/-/media/client/global/documents/products/technical-note/nand-flash/tn2959_bbm_in_nand_flash.pdf>.

Content History

Submissions
Submission Date	Submitter	Organization
2020-02-10 (CWE 4.0, 2020-02-24)	Arun Kanuparthi, Hareesh Khattri, Parbati Kumar Manna, Narasimha Kumar V Mangipudi	Intel Corporation
2020-02-10 (CWE 4.0, 2020-02-24)
Contributions
Contribution Date	Contributor	Organization
2023-04-25	"Mapping CWE to 62443" Sub-Working Group	CWE-CAPEC ICS/OT SIG
2023-04-25	Suggested mappings to ISA/IEC 62443.
Modifications
Modification Date	Modifier	Organization
2020-08-20	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2020-08-20	updated Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Potential_Mitigations, Research_Gaps
2021-07-20	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2021-07-20	updated Related_Attack_Patterns
2022-04-28	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2022-04-28	updated Applicable_Platforms
2022-06-28	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2022-06-28	updated Applicable_Platforms
2022-10-13	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2022-10-13	updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships, Research_Gaps
2023-04-27	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2023-04-27	updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
2023-06-29	CWE Content Team	MITRE
2023-06-29	updated Mapping_Notes


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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-1246: Improper Write Handling in Limited-write Non-Volatile Memories

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