Wrap around errors occur whenever a value is incremented past the maximum value for its type and therefore "wraps around" to a very small, negative, or undefined value.

The product performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. This occurs when an integer value is incremented to a value that is too large to store in the associated representation. When this occurs, the value may become a very small or negative number.OverflowWraparoundwrap, wrap-around, wrap around

The product subtracts one value from another, such that the result is less than the minimum allowable integer value, which produces a value that is not equal to the correct result.Integer underflow

The product performs an operation on a number that causes it to be sign extended when it is transformed into a larger data type. When the original number is negative, this can produce unexpected values that lead to resultant weaknesses.

The product uses a signed primitive and performs a cast to an unsigned primitive, which can produce an unexpected value if the value of the signed primitive can not be represented using an unsigned primitive.

The product uses an unsigned primitive and performs a cast to a signed primitive, which can produce an unexpected value if the value of the unsigned primitive can not be represented using a signed primitive.

Truncation errors occur when a primitive is cast to a primitive of a smaller size and data is lost in the conversion.

The product divides a value by zero.

The product does not initialize critical variables, which causes the execution environment to use unexpected values.

The code uses a variable that has not been initialized, leading to unpredictable or unintended results.

A function can return a pointer to memory that is outside of the buffer that the pointer is expected to reference.

In C and C++, one may often accidentally refer to the wrong memory due to the semantics of when math operations are implicitly scaled.

The behavior of this function is undefined unless its control parameter is set to a specific value.

The product accidentally uses the wrong operator, which changes the logic in security-relevant ways.

The code uses an operator for assignment when the intention was to perform a comparison.

The product compares classes by name, which can cause it to use the wrong class when multiple classes can have the same name.

A function returns the address of a stack variable, which will cause unintended program behavior, typically in the form of a crash.

The product contains an expression that will always evaluate to false.

The product contains an expression that will always evaluate to true.

The product stores a non-serializable object as an HttpSession attribute, which can hurt reliability.

The product sets a pointer to a specific address other than NULL or 0.

When the J2EE container attempts to write unserializable objects to disk there is no guarantee that the process will complete successfully.

The product uses the wrong operator when comparing a string, such as using "==" when the .equals() method should be used instead.

The product calls a function, procedure, or routine with arguments that are not correctly specified, leading to always-incorrect behavior and resultant weaknesses.

When converting from one data type to another, such as long to integer, data can be omitted or translated in a way that produces unexpected values. If the resulting values are used in a sensitive context, then dangerous behaviors may occur.

The product calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies the arguments in an incorrect order, leading to resultant weaknesses.

The product calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies too many arguments, or too few arguments, which may lead to undefined behavior and resultant weaknesses.

The product calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies an argument that is the wrong data type, which may lead to resultant weaknesses.

The product calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies the wrong variable or reference as one of the arguments, which may lead to undefined behavior and resultant weaknesses.

The product does not correctly convert an object, resource, or structure from one type to a different type.

The product contains a conditional statement with multiple logical expressions in which one of the non-leading expressions may produce side effects. This may lead to an unexpected state in the program after the execution of the conditional, because short-circuiting logic may prevent the side effects from occurring.

When a Java application uses the Java Native Interface (JNI) to call code written in another programming language, it can expose the application to weaknesses in that code, even if those weaknesses cannot occur in Java.

This category represents one of the phyla in the Seven Pernicious Kingdoms vulnerability classification. It includes weaknesses that involve the software using an API in a manner contrary to its intended use. According to the authors of the Seven Pernicious Kingdoms, "An API is a contract between a caller and a callee. The most common forms of API misuse occurs when the caller does not honor its end of this contract. For example, if a program does not call chdir() after calling chroot(), it violates the contract that specifies how to change the active root directory in a secure fashion. Another good example of library abuse is expecting the callee to return trustworthy DNS information to the caller. In this case, the caller misuses the callee API by making certain assumptions about its behavior (that the return value can be used for authentication purposes). One can also violate the caller-callee contract from the other side. For example, if a coder subclasses SecureRandom and returns a non-random value, the contract is violated."

The product calls a function that can never be guaranteed to work safely.

The J2EE application directly manages connections, instead of using the container's connection management facilities.

The J2EE application directly uses sockets instead of using framework method calls.

A J2EE application uses System.exit(), which also shuts down its container.

Thread management in a Web application is forbidden in some circumstances and is always highly error prone.

The product uses a signal handler that shares state with other signal handlers, but it does not properly mask or prevent those signal handlers from being invoked while the original signal handler is still running.

A's behavior or functionality changes with a new version of A, or a new environment, which is not known (or manageable) by B.Functional change

A feature, API, or function does not perform according to its specification.

The code uses a function that has inconsistent implementations across operating systems and versions.

The code uses deprecated or obsolete functions, which suggests that the code has not been actively reviewed or maintained.

The product defines a signal handler that calls a non-reentrant function.

The product uses the getlogin() function in a multithreaded context, potentially causing it to return incorrect values.

The product calls a thread's run() method instead of calling start(), which causes the code to run in the thread of the caller instead of the callee.

The product does not follow or incorrectly follows the specifications as required by the implementation language, environment, framework, protocol, or platform.

The product violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using thread synchronization primitives.

The product violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using AWT/Swing.

The product violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using the java.io package.

The product violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using sockets.

The product violates the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) specification by using the class loader.

The product makes an explicit call to the finalize() method from outside the finalizer.

The product uses an API function that does not exist on all versions of the target platform. This could cause portability problems or inconsistencies that allow denial of service or other consequences.

The product contains an assert() or similar statement that can be triggered by an attacker, which leads to an application exit or other behavior that is more severe than necessary.assertion failure

The product invokes a potentially dangerous function that could introduce a vulnerability if it is used incorrectly, but the function can also be used safely.

The code does not function according to its published specifications, potentially leading to incorrect usage.

The product uses low-level functionality that is explicitly prohibited by the framework or specification under which the product is supposed to operate.

The product uses an API function, data structure, or other entity in a way that relies on properties that are not always guaranteed to hold for that entity.

Catching overly broad exceptions promotes complex error handling code that is more likely to contain security vulnerabilities.

Throwing overly broad exceptions promotes complex error handling code that is more likely to contain security vulnerabilities.

The product encounters an error but does not provide a status code or return value to indicate that an error has occurred.

A function or operation returns an incorrect return value or status code that does not indicate an error, but causes the product to modify its behavior based on the incorrect result.

The product does not exit or otherwise modify its operation when security-relevant errors occur during initialization, such as when a configuration file has a format error or a hardware security module (HSM) cannot be activated, which can cause the product to execute in a less secure fashion than intended by the administrator.

The product does not clean up its state or incorrectly cleans up its state when an exception is thrown, leading to unexpected state or control flow.

The product does not use a standardized method for handling errors throughout the code, which might introduce inconsistent error handling and resultant weaknesses.

The code has a return statement inside a finally block, which will cause any thrown exception in the try block to be discarded.

When the product encounters an error condition or failure, its design requires it to fall back to a state that is less secure than other options that are available, such as selecting the weakest encryption algorithm or using the most permissive access control restrictions.Failing Open

The product does not properly anticipate or handle exceptional conditions that rarely occur during normal operation of the product.

An exception is thrown from a function, but it is not caught.

The product does not check the return value from a method or function, which can prevent it from detecting unexpected states and conditions.

The product incorrectly checks a return value from a function, which prevents it from detecting errors or exceptional conditions.

The product attempts to drop privileges but does not check or incorrectly checks to see if the drop succeeded.

The product does not handle or incorrectly handles when it has insufficient privileges to access resources or functionality as specified by their permissions. This may cause it to follow unexpected code paths that may leave the product in an invalid state.

The product does not properly determine which state it is in, causing it to assume it is in state X when in fact it is in state Y, causing it to perform incorrect operations in a security-relevant manner.

The product detects a specific error, but takes no actions to handle the error.

[PLANNED FOR DEPRECATION. SEE MAINTENANCE NOTES AND CONSIDER CWE-252, CWE-248, OR CWE-1069.] Ignoring exceptions and other error conditions may allow an attacker to induce unexpected behavior unnoticed.

The product does not properly check when a function or operation returns a value that is legitimate for the function, but is not expected by the product.

Catching NullPointerException should not be used as an alternative to programmatic checks to prevent dereferencing a null pointer.

A handler is not available or implemented.

The code does not have a default case in an expression with multiple conditions, such as a switch statement.

The product omits a break statement within a switch or similar construct, causing code associated with multiple conditions to execute. This can cause problems when the programmer only intended to execute code associated with one condition.

The Servlet does not catch all exceptions, which may reveal sensitive debugging information.Missing Catch Block

The product does not initialize or incorrectly initializes a resource, which might leave the resource in an unexpected state when it is accessed or used.

The product does not check or incorrectly checks for unusual or exceptional conditions that are not expected to occur frequently during day to day operation of the product.

The product does not handle or incorrectly handles an exceptional condition.

The product does not restrict or incorrectly restricts operations within the boundaries of a resource that is accessed using an index or pointer, such as memory or files.

The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.Buffer Overflowbuffer overrunmemory safety

The product copies an input buffer to an output buffer without verifying that the size of the input buffer is less than the size of the output buffer, leading to a buffer overflow.Classic Buffer OverflowUnbounded Transfer

A stack-based buffer overflow condition is a condition where the buffer being overwritten is allocated on the stack (i.e., is a local variable or, rarely, a parameter to a function).Stack Overflow

A heap overflow condition is a buffer overflow, where the buffer that can be overwritten is allocated in the heap portion of memory, generally meaning that the buffer was allocated using a routine such as malloc().

Any condition where the attacker has the ability to write an arbitrary value to an arbitrary location, often as the result of a buffer overflow.

The product writes to a buffer using an index or pointer that references a memory location prior to the beginning of the buffer.buffer underrun

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.OOB read

The product reads from a buffer using buffer access mechanisms such as indexes or pointers that reference memory locations after the targeted buffer.

The product reads from a buffer using buffer access mechanisms such as indexes or pointers that reference memory locations prior to the targeted buffer.

The product uses untrusted input when calculating or using an array index, but the product does not validate or incorrectly validates the index to ensure the index references a valid position within the array.out-of-bounds array indexindex-out-of-rangearray index underflow

The product subtracts one pointer from another in order to determine size, but this calculation can be incorrect if the pointers do not exist in the same memory chunk.

The product dereferences a pointer that it expects to be valid but is NULL.NPDnull derefNPEnil pointer dereference

Casting a non-structure type to a structure type and accessing a field can lead to memory access errors or data corruption.

The product invokes a function for normalizing paths or file names, but it provides an output buffer that is smaller than the maximum possible size, such as PATH_MAX.

The product does not terminate or incorrectly terminates a string or array with a null character or equivalent terminator.

The product does not correctly calculate the size to be used when allocating a buffer, which could lead to a buffer overflow.

The product does not correctly calculate the length of strings that can contain wide or multi-byte characters.

Functions that manipulate strings encourage buffer overflows.

The code calls sizeof() on a malloced pointer type, which always returns the wordsize/8. This can produce an unexpected result if the programmer intended to determine how much memory has been allocated.

The product calls free() twice on the same memory address, potentially leading to modification of unexpected memory locations.Double-free

The product calls free() on a pointer to memory that was not allocated using associated heap allocation functions such as malloc(), calloc(), or realloc().

The product calls free() on a pointer to a memory resource that was allocated on the heap, but the pointer is not at the start of the buffer.

The product attempts to return a memory resource to the system, but it calls the wrong release function or calls the appropriate release function incorrectly.

The product does not release or incorrectly releases a resource before it is made available for re-use.

The product does not properly "clean up" and remove temporary or supporting resources after they have been used.Insufficient Cleanup

The product does not properly maintain a reference to a resource that has been allocated, which prevents the resource from being reclaimed.

The product does not release a resource after its effective lifetime has ended, i.e., after the resource is no longer needed.

The product does not properly maintain references to a file descriptor or handle, which prevents that file descriptor/handle from being reclaimed.

The product does not release a file descriptor or handle after its effective lifetime has ended, i.e., after the file descriptor/handle is no longer needed.

The product reuses or references memory after it has been freed. At some point afterward, the memory may be allocated again and saved in another pointer, while the original pointer references a location somewhere within the new allocation. Any operations using the original pointer are no longer valid because the memory "belongs" to the code that operates on the new pointer.Dangling pointerUAFUse-After-Free

The product uses, accesses, or otherwise operates on a resource after that resource has been expired, released, or revoked.

The product does not maintain or incorrectly maintains control over a resource throughout its lifetime of creation, use, and release.

The product performs an operation on a resource at the wrong phase of the resource's lifecycle, which can lead to unexpected behaviors.

The product performs the same operation on a resource two or more times, when the operation should only be applied once.

The product uses multiple resources that can have the same identifier, in a context in which unique identifiers are required.

The product does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource, thereby enabling an actor to influence the amount of resources consumed, eventually leading to the exhaustion of available resources.Resource Exhaustion

The product does not properly control the amount of recursion that takes place, consuming excessive resources, such as allocated memory or the program stack.Stack Exhaustion

The product allocates a reusable resource or group of resources on behalf of an actor without imposing any restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be allocated, in violation of the intended security policy for that actor.

The product allocates file descriptors or handles on behalf of an actor without imposing any restrictions on how many descriptors can be allocated, in violation of the intended security policy for that actor.File Descriptor Exhaustion

The product uses the chroot() system call to create a jail, but does not change the working directory afterward. This does not prevent access to files outside of the jail.

A constant symbolic reference to an object is used, even though the reference can resolve to a different object over time.

The product attempts to access a file based on the filename, but it does not properly prevent that filename from identifying a link or shortcut that resolves to an unintended resource.insecure temporary fileZip Slip

The product uses an externally controlled name or reference that resolves to a resource that is outside of the intended control sphere.

The product, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently account for when the name is associated with a hard link to a target that is outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the product to operate on unauthorized files.

The product, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently handle when the file is a Windows shortcut (.LNK) whose target is outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the product to operate on unauthorized files.Windows symbolic link followingsymlink

The product, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently handle when the name is associated with a hard link to a target that is outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the product to operate on unauthorized files.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.Directory traversalPath traversal

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize sequences such as ".." that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.Zip Slip

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize "../" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize "/../" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize "/dir/../filename" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize multiple internal "../" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize "..\" sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '\..\filename' (leading backslash dot dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '\dir\..\filename' (leading backslash dot dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize 'dir\..\..\filename' (multiple internal backslash dot dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '...' (triple dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '....' (multiple dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '....//' (doubled dot dot slash) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '.../...//' (doubled triple dot slash) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize absolute path sequences such as "/abs/path" that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.

The product accepts input in the form of a slash absolute path ('/absolute/pathname/here') without appropriate validation, which can allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts input in the form of a backslash absolute path ('\absolute\pathname\here') without appropriate validation, which can allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts input that contains a drive letter or Windows volume letter ('C:dirname') that potentially redirects access to an unintended location or arbitrary file.

The product accepts input that identifies a Windows UNC share ('\\UNC\share\name') that potentially redirects access to an unintended location or arbitrary file.

The product is vulnerable to file system contents disclosure through path equivalence. Path equivalence involves the use of special characters in file and directory names. The associated manipulations are intended to generate multiple names for the same object.

The product accepts path input in the form of trailing dot ('filedir.') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product uses a search path that contains an unquoted element, in which the element contains whitespace or other separators. This can cause the product to access resources in a parent path.

The product accepts path input in the form of multiple trailing dot ('filedir....') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of internal dot ('file.ordir') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of multiple internal dot ('file...dir') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of trailing space ('filedir ') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of leading space (' filedir') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of internal space ('file(SPACE)name') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of trailing slash ('filedir/') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of multiple leading slash ('//multiple/leading/slash') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of multiple internal slash ('/multiple//internal/slash/') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of multiple trailing slash ('/multiple/trailing/slash//') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of multiple internal backslash ('\multiple\trailing\\slash') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of trailing backslash ('filedir\') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of single dot directory exploit ('/./') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product accepts path input in the form of asterisk wildcard ('filedir*') without appropriate validation, which can lead to ambiguous path resolution and allow an attacker to traverse the file system to unintended locations or access arbitrary files.

The product contains protection mechanisms to restrict access to 'realdir/filename', but it constructs pathnames using external input in the form of 'fakedir/../realdir/filename' that are not handled by those mechanisms. This allows attackers to perform unauthorized actions against the targeted file.

The product contains a protection mechanism that restricts access to a long filename on a Windows operating system, but it does not properly restrict access to the equivalent short "8.3" filename.

The product does not handle or incorrectly handles a file name that identifies a "virtual" resource that is not directly specified within the directory that is associated with the file name, causing the product to perform file-based operations on a resource that is not a file.

The product constructs pathnames from user input, but it does not handle or incorrectly handles a pathname containing a Windows device name such as AUX or CON. This typically leads to denial of service or an information exposure when the application attempts to process the pathname as a regular file.

The product uses a name or reference to access a resource, but the name/reference resolves to a resource that is outside of the intended control sphere.

The product does not properly handle special paths that may identify the data or resource fork of a file on the HFS+ file system.

The product allows user input to control or influence paths or file names that are used in filesystem operations.

The product uses a signal handler that introduces a race condition.

If two threads of execution use a resource simultaneously, there exists the possibility that resources may be used while invalid, in turn making the state of execution undefined.

A product performs a series of non-atomic actions to switch between contexts that cross privilege or other security boundaries, but a race condition allows an attacker to modify or misrepresent the product's behavior during the switch.

The product does not lock or does not correctly lock a resource when the product must have exclusive access to the resource.

A product does not check to see if a lock is present before performing sensitive operations on a resource.

The product uses the singleton pattern when creating a resource within a multithreaded environment.

The product does not properly synchronize shared data, such as static variables across threads, which can lead to undefined behavior and unpredictable data changes.

The product uses double-checked locking to access a resource without the overhead of explicit synchronization, but the locking is insufficient.

The product utilizes multiple threads or processes to allow temporary access to a shared resource that can only be exclusive to one process at a time, but it does not properly synchronize these actions, which might cause simultaneous accesses of this resource by multiple threads or processes.

The product calls a non-reentrant function in a concurrent context in which a competing code sequence (e.g. thread or signal handler) may have an opportunity to call the same function or otherwise influence its state.

The product does not properly acquire or release a lock on a resource, leading to unexpected resource state changes and behaviors.

The product contains an empty synchronized block.

The product locks a critical resource more times than intended, leading to an unexpected state in the system.

The product unlocks a critical resource more times than intended, leading to an unexpected state in the system.

The product contains a concurrent code sequence that requires temporary, exclusive access to a shared resource, but a timing window exists in which the shared resource can be modified by another code sequence operating concurrently.Race Condition

The product checks the status of a file or directory before accessing it, which produces a race condition in which the file can be replaced with a link before the access is performed, causing the product to access the wrong file.

The product checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check. This can cause the product to perform invalid actions when the resource is in an unexpected state.TOCTTOUTOCCTOU

The product does not check the revocation status of a certificate after its initial revocation check, which can cause the product to perform privileged actions even after the certificate is revoked at a later time.

The product does not perform access checks on a resource every time the resource is accessed by an entity, which can create resultant weaknesses if that entity's rights or privileges change over time.

The product properly checks for the existence of a lock, but the lock can be externally controlled or influenced by an actor that is outside of the intended sphere of control.

Debugging messages help attackers learn about the system and plan a form of attack.

The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes output that is written to logs.

An ASP .NET application must enable custom error pages in order to prevent attackers from mining information from the framework's built-in responses.

Storing a plaintext password in a configuration file allows anyone who can read the file access to the password-protected resource making them an easy target for attackers.

Sensitive memory is cleared according to the source code, but compiler optimizations leave the memory untouched when it is not read from again, aka "dead store removal."

The product exposes sensitive information to an actor that is not explicitly authorized to have access to that information.Information DisclosureInformation Leak

The code transmits data to another actor, but a portion of the data includes sensitive information that should not be accessible to that actor.

The product generates an error message that includes sensitive information about its environment, users, or associated data.

The product identifies an error condition and creates its own diagnostic or error messages that contain sensitive information.

The product performs an operation that triggers an external diagnostic or error message that is not directly generated or controlled by the product, such as an error generated by the programming language interpreter that a software application uses. The error can contain sensitive system information.

The product stores, transfers, or shares a resource that contains sensitive information, but it does not properly remove that information before the product makes the resource available to unauthorized actors.

The product's intended functionality exposes information to certain actors in accordance with the developer's security policy, but this information is regarded as sensitive according to the intended security policies of other stakeholders such as the product's administrator, users, or others whose information is being processed.

A process is invoked with sensitive command-line arguments, environment variables, or other elements that can be seen by other processes on the operating system.

The product inserts sensitive information into debugging code, which could expose this information if the debugging code is not disabled in production.

The product stores sensitive data under the web document root with insufficient access control, which might make it accessible to untrusted parties.

The product stores sensitive data under the FTP server root with insufficient access control, which might make it accessible to untrusted parties.

The product releases a resource such as memory or a file so that it can be made available for reuse, but it does not clear or "zeroize" the information contained in the resource before the product performs a critical state transition or makes the resource available for reuse by other entities.

Using realloc() to resize buffers that store sensitive information can leave the sensitive information exposed to attack, because it is not removed from memory.

Storing a password in plaintext may result in a system compromise.

The storage of passwords in a recoverable format makes them subject to password reuse attacks by malicious users. In fact, it should be noted that recoverable encrypted passwords provide no significant benefit over plaintext passwords since they are subject not only to reuse by malicious attackers but also by malicious insiders. If a system administrator can recover a password directly, or use a brute force search on the available information, the administrator can use the password on other accounts.

The product stores a password in a configuration file that might be accessible to actors who do not know the password.

The product does not encrypt sensitive or critical information before storage or transmission.

The product stores sensitive information in cleartext within a resource that might be accessible to another control sphere.

The product stores sensitive information in cleartext in a file, or on disk.

The product stores sensitive information in cleartext in the registry.

The product stores sensitive information in cleartext in a cookie.

The product stores sensitive information in cleartext in memory.

The product stores sensitive information in cleartext within the GUI.

The product stores sensitive information in cleartext in an executable.

The product transmits sensitive or security-critical data in cleartext in a communication channel that can be sniffed by unauthorized actors.

The product sends non-cloned mutable data as an argument to a method or function.

Sending non-cloned mutable data as a return value may result in that data being altered or deleted by the calling function.

The product makes resources available to untrusted parties when those resources are only intended to be accessed by the product.Resource Leak

A process does not close sensitive file descriptors before invoking a child process, which allows the child to perform unauthorized I/O operations using those descriptors.File descriptor leak

The product stores raw content or supporting code under the web document root with an extension that is not specifically handled by the server.

The product has a method that is declared public, but returns a reference to a private data structure, which could then be modified in unexpected ways.

The product does not properly prevent sensitive system-level information from being accessed by unauthorized actors who do not have the same level of access to the underlying system as the product does.

The code contains a class with sensitive data, but the class is cloneable. The data can then be accessed by cloning the class.

The code contains a class with sensitive data, but the class does not explicitly deny serialization. The data can be accessed by serializing the class through another class.

Information sent over a network can be compromised while in transit. An attacker may be able to read or modify the contents if the data are sent in plaintext or are weakly encrypted.

The product mixes trusted and untrusted data in the same data structure or structured message.

The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.

Login pages do not use adequate measures to protect the user name and password while they are in transit from the client to the server.

The product uses an environment variable to store unencrypted sensitive information.

The product stores a CVS, git, or other repository in a directory, archive, or other resource that is stored, transferred, or otherwise made accessible to unauthorized actors.

The product generates a core dump file in a directory, archive, or other resource that is stored, transferred, or otherwise made accessible to unauthorized actors.

The product stores access control list files in a directory or other container that is accessible to actors outside of the intended control sphere.

A backup file is stored in a directory or archive that is made accessible to unauthorized actors.

The product writes sensitive information to a log file.

A command shell error message indicates that there exists an unhandled exception in the web application code. In many cases, an attacker can leverage the conditions that cause these errors in order to gain unauthorized access to the system.

A servlet error message indicates that there exists an unhandled exception in your web application code and may provide useful information to an attacker.

In many cases, an attacker can leverage the conditions that cause unhandled exception errors in order to gain unauthorized access to the system.

The product places sensitive information into files or directories that are accessible to actors who are allowed to have access to the files, but not to the sensitive information.

The web application uses persistent cookies, but the cookies contain sensitive information.

Source code on a web server or repository often contains sensitive information and should generally not be accessible to users.

If an include file source is accessible, the file can contain usernames and passwords, as well as sensitive information pertaining to the application and system.

The code contains comments that suggest the presence of bugs, incomplete functionality, or weaknesses.

A directory listing is inappropriately exposed, yielding potentially sensitive information to attackers.

Certain conditions, such as network failure, will cause a server error message to be displayed.

The product makes files or directories accessible to unauthorized actors, even though they should not be.

The J2EE application stores a plaintext password in a configuration file.

The product stores sensitive data in memory that is not locked, or that has been incorrectly locked, which might cause the memory to be written to swap files on disk by the virtual memory manager. This can make the data more accessible to external actors.

The web application uses the HTTP GET method to process a request and includes sensitive information in the query string of that request.

A public or protected static final field references a mutable object, which allows the object to be changed by malicious code, or accidentally from another package.

The product creates a search index of private or sensitive documents, but it does not properly limit index access to actors who are authorized to see the original information.

While adding general comments is very useful, some programmers tend to leave important data, such as: filenames related to the web application, old links or links which were not meant to be browsed by users, old code fragments, etc.

The product stores security-critical state information about its users, or the product itself, in a location that is accessible to unauthorized actors.

The product exposes a resource to the wrong control sphere, providing unintended actors with inappropriate access to the resource.

The product does not properly transfer a resource/behavior to another sphere, or improperly imports a resource/behavior from another sphere, in a manner that provides unintended control over that resource.

The default error page of a web application should not display sensitive information about the product.

The product does not return custom error pages to the user, possibly exposing sensitive information.

The product defines a public method that reads or modifies a private variable.

When an application exposes a remote interface for an entity bean, it might also expose methods that get or set the bean's data. These methods could be leveraged to read sensitive information, or to change data in ways that violate the application's expectations, potentially leading to other vulnerabilities.

Creating and using insecure temporary files can leave application and system data vulnerable to attack.

Opening temporary files without appropriate measures or controls can leave the file, its contents and any function that it impacts vulnerable to attack.

The product creates a temporary file in a directory whose permissions allow unintended actors to determine the file's existence or otherwise access that file.

The product does not sufficiently enforce boundaries between the states of different sessions, causing data to be provided to, or used by, the wrong session.

The code uses a cache that contains sensitive information, but the cache can be read by an actor outside of the intended control sphere.

The J2EE application is configured to use an insufficient session ID length.

The product, by default, initializes an internal variable with an insecure or less secure value than is possible.

Java packages are not inherently closed; therefore, relying on them for code security is not a good practice.

Inner classes are translated into classes that are accessible at package scope and may expose code that the programmer intended to keep private to attackers.

The web application does not use an appropriate caching policy that specifies the extent to which each web page and associated form fields should be cached.

The Secure attribute for sensitive cookies in HTTPS sessions is not set, which could cause the user agent to send those cookies in plaintext over an HTTP session.

The Web services architecture may require exposing a Web Service Definition Language (WSDL) file that contains information on the publicly accessible services and how callers of these services should interact with them (e.g. what parameters they expect and what types they return).

When trying to keep information confidential, an attacker can often infer some of the information by using statistics.

The product behaves differently or sends different responses under different circumstances in a way that is observable to an unauthorized actor, which exposes security-relevant information about the state of the product, such as whether a particular operation was successful or not.Side Channel Attack

The product provides different responses to incoming requests in a way that reveals internal state information to an unauthorized actor outside of the intended control sphere.

The product's behaviors indicate important differences that may be observed by unauthorized actors in a way that reveals (1) its internal state or decision process, or (2) differences from other products with equivalent functionality.

The product performs multiple behaviors that are combined to produce a single result, but the individual behaviors are observable separately in a way that allows attackers to reveal internal state or internal decision points.

The product operates in an environment in which its existence or specific identity should not be known, but it behaves differently than other products with equivalent functionality, in a way that is observable to an attacker.

Two separate operations in a product require different amounts of time to complete, in a way that is observable to an actor and reveals security-relevant information about the state of the product, such as whether a particular operation was successful or not.

The product uses multiple validation forms with the same name, which might cause the Struts Validator to validate a form that the programmer does not expect.

The product has a validator form that either does not define a validate() method, or defines a validate() method but does not call super.validate().

If a form bean does not extend an ActionForm subclass of the Validator framework, it can expose the application to other weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.

The product has a form field that is not validated by a corresponding validation form, which can introduce other weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.

When an application does not use an input validation framework such as the Struts Validator, there is a greater risk of introducing weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.

An unused validation form indicates that validation logic is not up-to-date.

Every Action Form must have a corresponding validation form.

Automatic filtering via a Struts bean has been turned off, which disables the Struts Validator and custom validation logic. This exposes the application to other weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.

Validation fields that do not appear in forms they are associated with indicate that the validation logic is out of date.

The product accepts XML from an untrusted source but does not validate the XML against the proper schema.

The product receives data from an HTTP agent/component (e.g., web server, proxy, browser, etc.), but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes CR and LF characters before the data is included in outgoing HTTP headers.HTTP Request SplittingHTTP Response Splitting

The product parses a formatted message or structure, but it does not handle or incorrectly handles a length field that is inconsistent with the actual length of the associated data.length manipulationlength tampering

The product uses a function that accepts a format string as an argument, but the format string originates from an external source.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as control elements or syntactic markers when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes delimiters.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as parameter or argument delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as value delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as record delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as line delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as section delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as expression or command delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as input terminators when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product does not properly handle when a leading character or sequence ("leader") is missing or malformed, or if multiple leaders are used when only one should be allowed.

Quotes injected into a product can be used to compromise a system. As data are parsed, an injected/absent/duplicate/malformed use of quotes may cause the process to take unexpected actions.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as escape, meta, or control character sequences when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as comment delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as macro symbols when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as substitution characters when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as variable name delimiters when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as wildcards or matching symbols when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as whitespace when they are sent to a downstream component.White space

The product does not properly handle the characters that are used to mark the beginning and ending of a group of entities, such as parentheses, brackets, and braces.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes NUL characters or null bytes when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product does not properly filter, remove, quote, or otherwise manage the invalid use of special elements in user-controlled input, which could cause adverse effect on its behavior and integrity.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes leading special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple leading special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes trailing special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple trailing special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes internal special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple internal special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.

The product implements a protection mechanism that relies on a list of inputs (or properties of inputs) that are explicitly allowed by policy because the inputs are assumed to be safe, but the list is too permissive - that is, it allows an input that is unsafe, leading to resultant weaknesses.Allowlist / Allow ListSafelist / Safe ListWhitelist / White List

The product implements a protection mechanism that relies on a list of inputs (or properties of inputs) that are not allowed by policy or otherwise require other action to neutralize before additional processing takes place, but the list is incomplete.Denylist / Deny ListBlocklist / Block ListBlacklist / Black List

The product specifies a regular expression in a way that causes data to be improperly matched or compared.

A regular expression is overly restrictive, which prevents dangerous values from being detected.

The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.HTTP Request SmugglingHTTP Response SmugglingHTTP Smuggling

A possible shell file exists in /cgi-bin/ or other accessible directories. This is extremely dangerous and can be used by an attacker to execute commands on the web server.

The ASP.NET application does not use an input validation framework.

Using Hibernate to execute a dynamic SQL statement built with user-controlled input can allow an attacker to modify the statement's meaning or to execute arbitrary SQL commands.

The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.Open RedirectCross-site RedirectCross-domain RedirectUnvalidated Redirect

The product processes an XML document that can contain XML entities with URIs that resolve to documents outside of the intended sphere of control, causing the product to embed incorrect documents into its output.XXE

If a database cursor is not closed properly, then it could become accessible to other users while retaining the same privileges that were originally assigned, leaving the cursor "dangling."

The product uses external input to determine the names of variables into which information is extracted, without verifying that the names of the specified variables are valid. This could cause the program to overwrite unintended variables.Variable overwrite

The product uses a regular expression that either (1) contains an executable component with user-controlled inputs, or (2) allows a user to enable execution by inserting pattern modifiers.

The product uses a regular expression that does not sufficiently restrict the set of allowed values.

The product does not properly handle null bytes or NUL characters when passing data between different representations or components.

In a language where the user can influence the name of a variable at runtime, if the variable names are not controlled, an attacker can read or write to arbitrary variables, or access arbitrary functions.Dynamic evaluation

The product constructs the name of a file or other resource using input from an upstream component, but it does not restrict or incorrectly restricts the resulting name.

The product uses external input to dynamically construct an XPath expression used to retrieve data from an XML database, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes that input. This allows an attacker to control the structure of the query.

The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes web scripting syntax in HTTP headers that can be used by web browser components that can process raw headers, such as Flash.

The product allows a file to be uploaded, but it relies on the file name or extension of the file to determine the appropriate behaviors. This could be used by attackers to cause the file to be misclassified and processed in a dangerous fashion.

The product uses external input to dynamically construct an XQuery expression used to retrieve data from an XML database, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes that input. This allows an attacker to control the structure of the query.

The product calls a function, procedure, or routine, but the caller specifies an argument that contains the wrong value, which may lead to resultant weaknesses.

The product does not ensure or incorrectly ensures that structured messages or data are well-formed and that certain security properties are met before being read from an upstream component or sent to a downstream component.